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The name “sapphire” is actually from the Latin word “sapphirus” and the Greek word “sappheiros,” both of which mean “blue stone.” However, the history of sapphires dates back even further, with mentions in ancient Persian, Indian, and Hebrew texts. In Sanskrit, sapphires were referred to as “sauriratna,” meaning “sacred to Saturn.”

How Sapphires Form

Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, composed primarily of aluminum oxide. The presence of trace elements like iron, titanium, chromium, and magnesium gives sapphires their various colors.

Formation Process:

1. Crystallization: Sapphires form under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust. The aluminum oxide molecules arrange themselves into a hexagonal crystal structure.
2. Trace Elements: The introduction of trace elements during the crystallization process results in the various colors of sapphires. For example, iron and titanium create the classic blue sapphire, while chromium results in pink and red sapphires.
3. Mining: Over millions of years, geological processes such as volcanic activity and erosion bring these crystals closer to the Earth’s surface, where they can be mined.

Sapphires can be found in both primary and secondary deposits. Primary deposits are those where sapphires are found in the original host rock, while secondary deposits are formed by the erosion of primary deposits, with sapphires being transported and deposited in riverbeds and alluvial plains.

The History of Sapphire

History: Sapphires have been cherished for thousands of years. Ancient Persians believed that the Earth rested on a giant sapphire, which gave the sky its blue color. In ancient Rome, sapphires were worn by kings and queens as a protection against envy and harm. During the Middle Ages, clergy wore sapphires to symbolize Heaven, while commoners believed the gemstone attracted heavenly blessings.

Uses in Royalty: Sapphires have a rich history of use in royal jewelry. One of the most famous examples is the engagement ring worn by Princess Diana, which features a stunning 12-carat blue sapphire. This iconic ring has since been passed down to Kate Middleton, continuing the royal tradition. Sapphires are also featured in the British Crown Jewels, including the St. Edward’s Sapphire, which dates back to the 11th century.

Common Sapphire deposits

Sapphires are found in various locations around the world, each with its own unique characteristics. Let’s take a tour of the most significant sapphire mining sources:

Sri Lanka

Often referred to as the “Island of Gems,” Sri Lanka has been a major source of sapphires for over 2,000 years. Ceylon sapphires, named after Sri Lanka’s former name, are renowned for their vibrant cornflower blue color. The country also produces sapphires in other colors, including pink, yellow, and green.

Myanmar

Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, is another key source of high-quality sapphires. Burmese sapphires are prized for their deep, rich royal blue color, often described as “velvety” due to their unique light-scattering properties. The Mogok Valley is the primary mining area for these exceptional gems.

Australia

Australia is a significant source of sapphires, particularly the dark blue to blue-green varieties. The primary mining areas are in Queensland and Tasmania. Australian sapphires are known for their durability and unique color tones.

USA

Montana is home to unique sapphires, particularly those from the Yogo Gulch area. Montana sapphires range from cornflower blue to teal and greenish-blue, and are known for their excellent clarity and distinctive American origin.

Symbolism

• Wisdom and Knowledge: Throughout history, sapphires have been believed to enhance wisdom and knowledge. They were worn by scholars and clergy to seek divine guidance and protection.
• Purity and Fidelity: Sapphires are often associated with purity and fidelity, making them a popular choice for engagement rings. The blue color symbolizes loyalty and trust.
• Protection: Ancient cultures believed sapphires had protective powers, warding off evil spirits and poisoning. They were often used in talismans and amulets for protection.

Healing Crystals: In modern metaphysical practices, sapphires are believed to have various healing properties. Here are a few:

• Throat Chakra: Blue sapphires are associated with the throat chakra, promoting communication, self-expression, and truth.
• Mental Clarity: Sapphires are thought to enhance mental clarity, focus, and discipline. They are often used during meditation to clear the mind and promote inner peace.
• Emotional Balance: Sapphires are believed to help balance emotions, alleviate depression, and calm the mind. They are thought to bring a sense of serenity and peace to the wearer.

Jewelry: Sapphires are a popular choice for all types of jewelry, from rings and earrings to necklaces and bracelets. Their hardness, second only to diamonds, makes them durable and suitable for everyday wear. Sapphires are often paired with diamonds to create stunning contrast and sparkle.

Industrial Uses: Beyond their beauty, sapphires have practical applications as well. Due to their hardness and durability, synthetic sapphires are used in various industrial applications, including watch crystals, electronic wafers, and optical lenses.